Climate Change Due to Global Warming Essay Example

Climate Change Due to Global Warming Paper The researchers must take part in controlling and preventing this phenomenon by means of this research paper which gives much information on the readers and by being a role model in different ways. The researchers expect that in the end of this research paper, we will be able to help and inform people especially those who are affected by the sat typhoons and the researchers can also learn new things which they can take for the rest Of their lives. Climate change is now a global crisis that we must face. Some scientists are now researching all the possible solutions and steps to be taken in order to stop it. We can not prevent it anymore because it is already happening. All we can do is to find a way to lessen the possible cause that is making it worse day by day. The era of procrastination, of half measures, of soothing and baffling expedients of delay are coming to a close. In its place, we are entering a period of consequences. Winston Churchill (ND). When I say Global Warming, what sort of idea comes in your mind? When I think about it, all that comes in my mind is the end of our precious world. Well, that is only the researchers thoughts about it. Nevertheless, what is Global Warming? Global Warming is the increase of the average temperature of the Earths near-surface air and oceans. Global Warming is cause by the Greenhouse Gases that will lead to Climate Change, which we are experiencing right now. Ocean temperatures increase more slowly than land temperatures because of the larger effective heat capacity of the oceans and because the ocean loses more eat by evaporation. We will write a custom essay sample on Climate Change Due to Global Warming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Climate Change Due to Global Warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Climate Change Due to Global Warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Northern Hemisphere warms faster than the Southern Hemisphere because it has more land and because it has extensive areas of seasonal snow and sea-ice cover subject to ice-lobed feedback. Although more greenhouse gases are emitted in the Northern than Southern Hemisphere this does not contribute to the difference in warming because the major greenhouse gases persist long enough to mix between hemispheres. (Brown, P. (2007). Global Warning: The Last Chance for Change. Pleasant Vile, NY: The Readers Digest Association. ) What are Greenhouse Gases? Greenhouse Gases are gases in an atmosphere that absorb and emit radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The main greenhouse gases in the Earths atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Greenhouse gases greatly affect the temperature of the Earth; without them, Earths surface would be on average about ICC (OFF) colder than at present. The contribution to the greenhouse effect by a gas has affected by both the characteristics of the gas and its abundance. For example, on a molecule-for-molecule basis methane is about eight times stronger greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, but it is present in much smaller concentrations so that its total contribution is smaller. It is not possible to state that a certain gas causes an exact percentage of the greenhouse effect. This is because some of the gases absorb and emit radiation at the same frequencies as others, so that the total greenhouse effect is not simply the sum of the influence of each gas. The higher ends of the ranges quoted are for each gas alone; the lower ends account for overlaps with the other gases. The major non-gas contributor to the Earths roundhouse effect, clouds, also absorbs and emits infrared radiation. (Miller, P. (2009, March). Saving Energy. It starts at home. National Geographic, Volvo. 215, no. 3, 60-81. When sunlight strikes the Earths surface, some of it is re-radiated back towards space as infrared radiation (heat). Greenhouse gases absorb this infrared radiation and trap its heat in the atmosphere. Many gases exhibit these greenhouse properties. Some occur naturally. Some are also produced by human activities and some are exclusively human made (for example, industrial gases). Scientists who have elaborated on Rheniums theory of lobar warming are concerned that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are causing an unprecedented rise in global temperatures, with potentially harmful consequences for the environment and human health. When the Industrial Revolution started, concentrations of most Greenhouse gases have dramatically increased because of the factories made in the Industrial Revolution era and made the Earth warm to hot. To leave you with a thinking mind here is a quote taken from the movie An Inconvenient Truth Big Mr.. Sunbeam, he comes all the way from the sun to visit Earth. Hello Earth, just popping in to brighten your day.. Alleluia And now, Ill be on my way. Not so fast Sunbeam, we are Greenhouse Gases, you anti going nowhere. Pretty soon, Earth is chock-full of Sunbeams. Their rotting corpses heating our atmosphere. Climate Change due to Global Warming and its effects in Metro Manila Climate change is real and happening right now. Its reality can be seen in melting ice, dying coral reefs, rising sea levels, changing ecosystems and prolonged and more severe droughts. According to the World Health Organization (ND), 1 50,000 people are already dying every year as a result of limited change. It is for this reason that the world needs to take action now before our planet becomes damaged beyond repair. This was according to http://sec. Europe. Eh/environment/climatic/hone_en. HTML Climate change is the warming of our planet, caused by human activity. It is the worst environmental problem we face today. Most scientists and governments around the world now agree that climate change will damage or destroy many natural ecosystems and human communities. When we speak of climate change on a global scale, we are referring to changes in the climate of the Earth as a whole. The rate and magnitude of global climate changes over the long term have enormous implications for natural ecosystems. But why does Climate Change Happen? Climate change is happening due to an increased concentration of certain gases in the atmosphere. These heat- trapping gases are becoming more concentrated in the Earths atmosphere, trapping more heat in the process. The most prevalent of these gases is carbon dioxide, released from burning coal, oil and natural gas in power plants, cars, factories and so on as well as through large scale Climate change. Climate change is predicted to have a range of serious uniqueness, some of which will have impact over the longer term, like spread of disease and sea level rise, while some have immediately obvious impacts, such as intense rain and flooding. Additionally, global warming appears to affect significantly the weather patterns of our planet. The extent of this influence cannot be accurately determined. In recent decades, there has been an apparent increase in the intensity and frequency of hurricanes and storms and in the losses of life and property due to weather-related disasters. Other man-made or natural disasters have also taken a greater toll n recent years. However, it is not known with certainty if the higher losses can be attributed to a higher free ounce of such disasters or simply to excessive development and increased population density along vulnerable coastal areas of our planet. Certainly, there have been major demographic shifts and greater concentration of populations in urban areas around the world. Mega cities have emerged along coastal areas, often without adequate planning or assessment of disaster risks. Also, better coverage of the impact of disasters by global media networks has resulted in increased awareness of assister impacts. Nevertheless, it is worth reviewing the possible effects of climate change on the frequency and intensity Of disasters, particularly those that are weather-related. In spite of mitigation efforts, losses due to global warming and weather related disasters will continue to increase because of continuing population growth and the increase of the concentration of growth in vulnerable areas such as coastal regions and flood plains. Other natural disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis have also resulted in increased losses quite possibly for the same reasons. For example the argental of earthquakes causing 1,000 + fatalities has increased by 10% causing approximately 1. 4 million deaths since 1 910. (Draper, R. (2009, April). The climate betrayed him. National Geographic, Volvo. 21 5, no. 4, 42-65) Continuing global warming can be expected to contribute significantly to disasters. For example, a new study has concluded that the Southwest Asian monsoons have gotten stronger over the past 400 years and might continue to intensify as a result of global warming. In recent years, weather-related disasters such as heavy rains, floods and flash floods, have affected the lives f thousands in Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, India, Sir Lankan, China, Korea, Manner, Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines, Turkey, Costa Rica, Haiti, El Salvador, Guatemala, Somalia, Ghana, Morocco, Togo and South Africa. Hurricanes and typhoons in the Eastern United States, Bahamas, Antigen, Barbados, Virgin Islands, Puerco Rice, Philippines, Vietnam, Madagascar and elsewhere have left thousands of people dead, injured or homeless. Major flooding even in mountain areas high in the Himalayas could occur where nearly 50 glacial lakes could burst their banks and flood the valleys below. Man-made disasters have also taken a heavier toll in recent years. The continuous population growth has disturbed the delicate balance between ecosystems on our planet. Pollution of the atmosphere and of the seas, destruction of the rain forests, fires burning out of control, alterations of sensitive ecosystems, destruction of the ozone layer, have created climatic changes that we do not fully comprehend. Similarly, man-made disasters such as chemical spills and industrial accidents have polluted rivers and watersheds in Rwanda, Guyana, Eastern Ukraine, Slovenia and elsewhere. Industrial wastes have heavily polluted the drinking water supply of more than two million people endangering their health. Other man-made disasters associated with industrial accidents, civil strife, wars, and the use of weapons of mass destruction, not only present the greatest danger for humanity, but may also have a long-term cumulative effect on the earths climate. The trend is clear, weather related and complex man-made disasters are increasing in frequency and severity in various parts of the world. Their impact on the environment and on CLC imitate cannot be overlooked. As akin Lang Amman its not nature but the dam was opened for some reason (back may crack eh back Lang Amman) kaki nag bills Dumas Eng tubing, its not an ordinary flooding but a flood an bugling biannual. The government should be blamed for this, where is page-as and national disaster council Para mailman nag amount nag rainfall and what should be done. As lake Eng slaw Eng baggy metro manila Lang nag bumboat Eng gangway kalmia as central Luzon Amman wall Amman again. As Adam Eng typhoon an Duncan backbit bugling 15-20 feet nag etas, as said by Francis Co whom the researchers interviewed. Effects of Global Warming are of concern both for the environment and the human life. We humans brought his upon our selves and we must do something about it. The recent flood that hit metro manila is a manifestation of the global warming. One good example of effects of global warming is typhoons. Philippine Daily Inquirer, p. AAA. ) Another effect of Global Warming in Metro Manila is the increase of its daily temperature. If youre living in Metro Manila, Im sure that you are experiencing that effect to. Everyday you wish that rain will come so that the temperature will somewhat lessen the heat. Drought is another effect of Global Warming experienced all over the country because of the excessive heat rays coming from the sun which affect the farmers mostly. Their crops continue to die because of the super heat, the grounds started to harden and eventually break because of extensive heat which makes the ground impossible for farming. According to the article of Roberto A. Capital in official reports say globally average surface temperatures will increase by 1. 4 to 5. 8 degrees Celsius for the period 2000 to 2100. This forecast is higher than the global warming projection of 1 to 3. 5 degrees Celsius made ten years ago. Analyses of data from tree rings, corals, ice cores and historical records for the Northern Hemisphere show an increase in temperature in the 20th century that is the largest of any during the past 1,000 years. Scientist likewise found that snow cover has decreased by about 10 percent since the late 1 asss in the Northern Hemisphere, and that there has been a 40 percent decline in the Arctic sea-ice thickness during the late summer and early autumn in recent decades. Because of Global Warming our climate had changed. We are experiencing different weather. And there has been an increase in our imperative over the last years. We are truly experiencing the effects of Global Warming, because basically there are two major effects of Global Warming.

Henry T. Sampsons Patents Power Rockets and Satellites

Henry T. Sampson's Patents Power Rockets and Satellites Its all rocket science for black American inventor Henry T. Sampson Jr., a brilliant and accomplished nuclear engineer and aerospace engineering pioneer. He co-invented the gamma-electrical cell, which directly converts nuclear energy into electricity and helps power satellites and space exploration missions. He also holds patents on solid rocket motors. Education Henry Sampson was born in Jackson, Mississippi. He attended Morehouse College and then transferred to Purdue University, where he received a Bachelor of Science degree in 1956. He graduated with an MS degree in engineering from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1961. Sampson continued his post-graduate education at the  University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign  and received his MS in Nuclear Engineering in 1965. When he received his Ph.D. at that university in 1967, he was the first black American to receive one in Nuclear Engineering in the United States. Navy and Professional Career Sampson was employed as a research chemical engineer at the U.S. Naval Weapons Center at  China Lake in California. He specialized in the area of high energy solid propellants and case bonding materials for solid rocket motors. He has said in interviews that this was one of the few places that would hire a black engineer at that time. Sampson also served as the Director of Mission Development and Operations of the Space Test Program at the Aerospace Corporation in El Segundo, California. The gamma-electrical cell he co-invented with George H. Miley directly converts high-energy gamma rays into electricity, providing a long-lasting power source for satellites and long-range space exploration missions. He won the 2012 Entrepreneur of the Year Award from the  Friends of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology, California State University Los Angeles. In  2009, he received the Outstanding Chemical Engineer Award from Purdue University. As an interesting side note, Henry Sampson is also a writer and film historian who wrote a book entitled, Blacks in Black and White: A SourceBook on Black Films. Patents Here is the patent abstract for US patent #3,591,860 for a Gamma-Electrical Cell issued to Henry Thomas Sampson and George H Miley on 7/6/1971. This patent can be viewed in its entirety online or in person at the United States Patent and Trademark Office. A patent abstract is written by the inventor to briefly describe what his or her invention is and what it does. Abstract: The present invention relates to a gamma-electric cell  for producing a high-output  voltage from a source of radiation wherein the gamma-electric cell includes a central collector constructed of a dense metal with the central  collector encapsulated within an outer layer of dielectric material. A further conductive layer is then disposed on or within the dielectric material so as to provide  for a high voltage output between the conductive layer and the central collector upon the reception of radiation by the gamma-electric cell. The invention also includes the use of a plurality of collectors radiating from the central collector throughout the dielectric material so as to increase the collection area and thereby increase the current and/or output voltage. Henry Sampson also received patents for a binder system for propellants and explosives and a case bonding system for cast composite propellants. Both inventions are related to solid rocket motors. He used high-speed photography to study the internal ballistics of solid rocket motors.

Through representation of poverty in particular ways, NGOs have been Essay

Through representation of poverty in particular ways, NGOs have been more a part of the problem than a part of the solution. Discuss with relevant examples - Essay Example In the media, image representation not only via virtual means but also with the aid of TV ad artists has selectively utilized those disturbing pieces meant to compel uninformed potential donors part with own money (Coulter, 1989). These depictions fail entirely in relaying the exact situation in the developing states whereby through the media end up blindfolding donors in yielding to support their â€Å"humanitarian† antics. Therefore, this study seeks to relay information on how NGOs despite somehow helping grossly have ended up being problem in their destined respective regions. The formation of many NGOs mainly happens with a certain perspective in mind most of which aim at ending poverty in world at large rather than concentrating in a particular region in the world. While their initial intentions are noble, they end up creating a greater problem in the efforts to curb poverty than helping. This is mainly because they do not clearly elucidate goals of their campaign thus they end up not achieving what they had initially intended (Harrison, 2010). Like in the case of the coalition consisting of various NGOs forming a campaign dubbed â€Å"Making Poverty History† (MPH) in 2003, their focus was on the G8 summit which was to happen in 2005. Their original purpose was to end poverty globally rather than concentrating on a particular segment especially Africa which already had been a matter of discussion for several years (Harrison, 2010, p. 393). The minimal use of images in illustrating poverty conditions diminished their efforts since there was no cle ar representation of what the true condition of poverty was. Their resolution not to specifically use Africa in their main agenda to end poverty blurred the significance of imagery representation. Therefore, instead of them otherwise choosing an image representation elsewhere they

Pediatric Issues Paper (Health Brief) #1 Research

Pediatric Issues (Health Brief) #1 - Research Paper Example The Issue- The number of adolescents aged 10-19 years who underwent bariatric surgery tripled from 2000-2003 (Tsai, 218). The number of obese adolescents is increasing due unhealthy eating habits. The high consumption of junk food among adolescents increases cholesterol deposits in the body. According to Pollan, most American meals contain meat and products made from high fructose corn syrup (8). The number of adolescents involved in physical activities has also reduced drastically. Lack of exercise and unhealthy eating habits increase the chances of becoming obese. Between 1999 and 2003, adolescents consumed an average of two 12-ounce cans of carbonated drinks. The consumption of soda and other carbonated drinks increases the amount of calories in the body. Bariatric surgery provides a medical procedure of losing excess body fat. The surgery involves gastric bypass that helps the patient lose several pounds in a healthy way (Encinosa, 710). The number of deaths reported during this period was 0.2 percent, which indicates that the surgery is a safe method of losing body fat. Programmatic Bottom Line/Policy Implications- The following recommendations can reduce obesity cases among adolescents. School systems and other organizations catering for adolescents should stop the sale of soft drinks in hallways, shops, and cafeterias (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 770). Adolescents should replace sodas and fruit juices with club sodas, tap water, or mineral water. Including adequate levels of fiber in the diet reduces cases of obesity. Spending less time in sedentary pursuits and engaging in physical activities helps burn excess calories in the body. Organic food products contain less cholesterol compared to junk food and industrial food products. The consumption of organic foodstuff lessens the level of cholesterol deposits in the body (Maziak, 38).

Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Advertising - Essay Example Companies who carry out their advertisement through social media networks such as Facebook and Twitter experience positive result since most of the millennial spend their time on such sites. DBQ#2: These two concepts are almost similar but differ in such a way that, utility enhances easy marketing access. The target customers should not at any given time feel that marketers are targeting them, but marketing should be done in a way that shows daily activities. For instance, this involves doing marketing via Facebook or Twitter. I like viewing advertisements posted on either Twitter or Facebook since I will stick to my own way of doing things rather than reading magazines or watching TV. Also, this form of advertisement is very convenient for a large group of Millennials. Part II: The other student found Tip 5 and Tip 6 to be the most important for marketing to digital natives. Tip 5 is also very important since it talks about how companies should allow the Millennials to discover new products and trends. This is significant since it allows them to feel they are among those who discovered the new product, hence increasing the volume of

Idea of selective attention

Idea of selective attention INTRODUCTION: This paper hopes to cover what is selective attention, the types of selective attention and the issues that can be derived from such behavior. Some of the issues will be mentioned and some will be discussed in-depth. The paper will also cover models that will help you, the reader, to understand the negativity that can be derived from this type of behavior, as well as ways that companies can prevent this behavior and the ways that it can lead to demotivation. The paper will also analyze, and discuss the best methods by which this behavior can be combated from a business perspective. WHAT IS SELECTIVE ATTENTION? For you, the reader, to understand what selective attention is, we must first discuss selective perception. Role theory is important for us to be able to under how we perceive others. E.M. Foster once wrote that there are two types of characters and that we must be able to differentiate between them. E.M. Foster said that the test of a round character is whether it is capable of surprising in a convincing way. If it never surprises then it is a flat character. If it does not convincing then it is a flat character pretending to be a round one. It has the incalculability of life in it. The idea of selective perception is based on the idea where one can selectively interpret what one sees and hears based on the persons interest, attitude, culture and background. Given that information, one can safely define selective attention as the ability of one (exercised unconsciously) to be able to chose from different streams of data, for the person to be concentrate on elements that they believe to be valuable and to ignore the others that they believe to be unimportant. It should also be mentioned that selective perception leads to selective attention. We hypothesize that older adults who anxiously expect, readily perceive, and intensely react to social rejection because of their old age (i.e., have high age-based rejection sensitivity) are vulnerable to depression and poor social functioning. This is based from the Journal of Research in Personality, Volume 43, Issue 3, June 2009, Pages 392-398. The basic idea, here, is that selective attention is a process in which an individual can filter one message from a mixture of messages that occur simultaneously. This level of attention also refers to the individuals capacity to maintain a cognitive or behavioural set in the blatant face of distracting or contrasting stimulis. Bearing this in mind, we can then understand how this idea or theory can incorporate the notion of freedom from distractibility. TYPES OF SELECTIVE ATTENTION: Behavior that is goal oriented requires focused attention on goal relevant stimulis. The load theory of attention suggests two mechanisms of selective attention. The first is: Perceptual Selection Mechanism Active mechanism of Attention control PERCEPTUAL SELECTION MECHANISM: This is a passive mechanism, which allows for the exclusion of irrelevant distractor stimuli. This idea is based on the perception of situations from a high perceptual load. This is where irrelevant distractor interference is prevented because the distractors are not to be perceived where there is insufficient capacity to be processed. ACTIVE MECHANISM OF ATTENTION CONTROL: This is more of an active genre, whereby the attentional control is needed for the rejection of irrelevant distractors even if they are perceived (some situations may allow for a low perceptual load). This form of controls relies on higher cognitive functions, e.g. working memory; this is required for the active maintenance of current processing priorities so that we can be sure that low-priority stimulis do not have a control of human behavior. SELECTIVE ATTENTION AND THE ISSUES IN THE WORKPLACE: Selective attention has the unconscious ability to affect ones work environment whether one is aware of it or not. Issues such as: Expectation The self fulfilling prophecy Favoritism Stereotyping Demotivation of staff These can affect both the mangers and staff, be it at the boardroom level or the ground floor of any business. THE MENTAL MODEL: Kenneth Craik suggested in 1943 that the mind constructs small scale model that it then uses to predict events and the circumstances that the person is in. The mind constructs these mental models based on perception, imagination, or through the comprehension of discourse. They can underline visual images, but they also have the ability to be abstract, so they can represent events that cannot be visualized. They are akin to the picture theory of language described in 1922 by Ludwig Wittgenstein. Bearing this in mind, one can now understand how expectations can be affected by selective attention. There is an advert on the radio right now about back injuries. It is about people who move heavy loads for a living and they are pressured by their bosses to be quick (external forces). The employee focuses on the job at hand, forgetting about personal safety. This is because the employee has a mental model or he lets the expectations of his boss get to him, hence preventing him from seeing the competitive threats that can be detrimental to him. SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY This is based on the idea that if a person thinks that you are clever or stupid or whatever, people will treat us they way that we feel and act. But the theory also believes that if we are treated in a certain way that we would become or act a certain way. So if one is treated like he/she is clever, they will feel clever and therefore act clever. This is known as the PYGMALION EFFECT. FAVORITISM: Favoritism in the workplace is one of the most Demotivation things a person can experience. In the workplace favoritism refers to someone who appears to be treated better than others and not by any means this is related to their work related performance. Favoritism in the workplace can lead to one person being promoted faster than other persons (unfairly), or being paid more than the other to do the same job, or they have longer breaks or come to work late or leave work early on a regular basis. The end result is the same; they appear to be treated better than you for no valid reason. No matter the reason, the favoritism that ones colleagues are given seems to you correlates more with the fact of who they know and less to do with their ability for the job. STEREOTYPING: Stereotyping is developed under certain conditions. It is based on preconceived ideas forced unto us by culture, other people experiences as well as our own. This can be due to poor communication, lack of understanding, and misunderstanding of someone elses culture. There are different types of stereotyping such as Age Race Religion Gender Political beliefs Ethnicity AGE DISCRIMINATION: Age discrimination or ageism is discrimination against a person or a group because of their age. The term was created by gerontologist Robert N. Butler to describe discrimination against seniors. It should be mentioned that ageism does not affect only the elder members of society but it also affects the younger members of society as well. In the United Kingdom ageism is frequently unnoticed but if a young person is discriminated against he or she may make a claim that the said he or she has been discriminated against. He or she may file this claim under the Employment and Equality Act (Age) Regulations (2006). This act protects persons over aged 50 and over from discrimination in area of employment and education. Regulations such as these discusses age equality in regard to the hiring of new staff, how workers are treated in the work place as well as age equality in relation to the firing and redundancies and retirement as well as the educational equivalents, e.g. NVQS.. RACISM: This is based on the fact that a person can be discriminated against because of their color, nationality or ethnic or national origins. THREE TYPES OF RACIAL CISCRIMINATION: Direct Discrimination- this is deliberate discrimination for example where a specific job is available to people of a specific racial group Indirect Discrimination -working practices, provisions or criteria created on the basis that it is disadvantageous to members of particular work groups. E.g. introducing a dress code without good reason that will discriminate against some ethnic groups. Muslims are a good example of this. Harassment the participation in or the allowing or encouraging behavior that is offensive to people e.g. making racist jokes The Race Relation act (1976) makes it unlawful for an employer to discriminate against anyone on the basis of racial grounds. Employees are protected from racial discrimination at all stages of employment. GENDER: Gender discrimination or sexism has many legal consequences. Basically sexual discrimination can be loosely defined as an adverse action against another human being. This also considered being a type of prejudiced. The United Nations says that women often experience something called the glass ceiling and that there are no societies where women are treated as equals to men. Glass ceiling is based on the idea that there are perceived barriers to the advancement in employment which is based on discriminations. The Sexual Discrimination Act (1975) says that it is unlawful for any employer to discriminate against anyone based on: Gender If you are married If you have had, intend to have or are having gender reassignment (this refers to someone who supervised by an doctor, who changes the persons their gender) Sexual discrimination laws cover almost all employees and all types of organizations in the U.K. the law cover: Recruitment Employment terms and conditions Pays and benefits Status Training Promotion and transfer opportunities Redundancy It also be mentioned that the Equal pay act also makes it unlawful for the employers to discriminate between men and women in terms of pay and conditions where they doing: The same or similar job Work that is rated as equivalent to a job evaluation study by the employer Or work of equal value In an ideal society we would like to believe that this happen but that is not necessarily true. According to Catherine Rampell of The New York Times, In most jobs, the gap between mens and womens earnings narrows greatly when you adjust for factors like career path and experience. But at the top of the income scale jobs paying more than $100,000 the salary gap between equally qualified men and women is still vast. The article also suggests that sexism can still exist even though laws are put into place to avoid such circumstances. PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE: Four in-depth views were given that are believed to plague an organization due to selective attention. Knowing these issues one can discuss the precautionary methods which can be used as a solution to these problems. SPALTTER VISION: Selective attention can be prevented if we are to use this method. This where the whole view is taken into consideration based on specific elements form a perceptual field. Using splatter vision can help with decision making and would help with the avoidance of issues such as threats and opportunities. If this is done, with an open minded approach they will be able to maintain a peripheral vision. BALANCED SCORECARDS: The balanced scorecard retains traditional financial measures. But financial measures tell the story of past events, an adequate story for industrial age companies for which investments in long-term capabilities and customer relationships were not critical for success. These financial measures are inadequate, however, for guiding and evaluating the journey that information age companies must make to create future value through investment in customers, suppliers, employees, processes, technology, and innovation. The scorecard has evolved from its early uses as a simple measurement framework to a full blown part of strategic planning and management system. The balance scorecard has the ability to transform an organizations strategic planning. The scorecard helps with performance measurement whereby, employees are recognized and promoted based on performance of the past. This process, as the one before, helps overcome the barriers of favoritism and stereotyping. WORKSHOPS: Through workshops companies and managers, will be able to bridge the communication gap that humans have. If we are unaware that we are doing this then we are can hardly be held responsible for natural human behavior. Through workshops we are able to interact with colleagues in a structured environment. We will also be able to create awareness of issues that affect our daily lives. Through the workshop we will be able to help with issues such as: Diversity awareness Comparison compare Create Empathy Help with impression formation Workshops are able to help with camaraderie, bring forth issues as well as to how to deal with them. ANALYSIS: It is natural for humans to gravitate to other humans with characteristics similar or closest to theirs. As much as one would like to think that he/she is above it all, we cannot get away from the fact that we are humans with human faults. The Wiggins 2-dimensional model is defined by eight scale scores of the Interpersonal Adjective Scales-Revised (IAS-R). This study hypothesis that there are 4 biporal factors which can account for the correlations among the 64 adjectives of the IAS-R. On the basis of the Cattell screen test, 5 principal components were extracted from the inter-correlations. Following a direct oblimin rotation, the rotated factors were interpreted as Agreeable-Cold-hearted, Extraverted-Introverted, Calculating-Ingenuous. Dominant-Submissive, and Shy. Thus, 4 of the hypothesized factors were confirmed. The findings suggest that a dimensional conception and the interpersonal circumplex are complementary approaches to understanding the interpersonal behavior domain thi s is according to a study that conducted and published in the Personality and Individual Differences Volume 11, Issue 4, 1990, pages 423-425. Every day we size up people, be it people who we meet for a brief moment or people we know our entire lives. One can tell their mood and through perception be aware of how they are feeling and how they will react in a certain environment. Of the three issues that have been discussed I believe that stereotyping is the worst. This is because of the perception that is brought to the table without the investigatory work being done. Assumption such as: African Americans are lazy Muslims are terrorist Jews are wealthy or artistic Latinos are criminals and poor These are assumption created by stereotyping but if we were to look closely we can see how wrong they are. For example: African Americans are lazy, this a generalized statement but what is the proof to back up such a statement. Jesse Jackson, Barrack Obama, Martin Luther King are African American who have worked hard to change the lives of Americans for betterment. Muslims are terrorist, based on the fact that the members of Al Queida belong to that faith. King Abdullah of Jordon is Muslim so does that make him a terrorist? During World War 2 Hitler believed that the Jews owned all the banks and where into theatre and the arts but Anne Franks Father owned a small fruit preservative factory. The point that I am trying to make is that people are people. They have their own personality. They have feelings. We live in the real world and we cannot label people into boxes and categories that we feel that they belong to. True story, I am from the Caribbean, but when people see me or even have to guess what part of the world I am from they would choose places like India or Pakistan. They stereotype me based on the color of my skin rather than by getting to know me or ask questions. Perception is only quarter of the game the other three quarters comes from asking questions and getting to know the people that you work with. CONCLUSION: Internal and external factors influence selective attention. We can agree that selective attention can be done consciously or unconsciously. But I think that it is done more unconsciously based on the fact that if we are not aware that we are actually performing it. Through awareness, we can combat the issues that have been raised in this paper. Through formal systems such as the scorecard one can find a way to manage the problems that are faced but if one are not aware of the problems then how can one face them. Seminars and workshops are the best way for both manages and staff to be aware of the problems that are caused from unconscious behavior. Companies can also implement through their HR department, strategies from the early stages that will make their entire staff aware of the situations that can be created by this sort of behavior. It is the companies responsibility to inform their staff of the laws that are there to protect people as well to make them aware of their rights as individuals as well. We know that through the self-fulfilling prophecy people can believe what they believe people believe of them. Bearing that in mind we can understand how we can change peoples perception of other people if they would only be given the correct information. Only through trial and error can one correct the issues that are part of our work environment. According to Maslows hierarchy of needs people need to have that feeling of acceptance as time passes by. Acceptance helps with the motivation of staff and the role that it relates to is the companies production. The goal of all companies is for them to produce effectively and efficiently. Motivation of staff plays a big in this facing the issues at hand through the methods that I have mentioned will enable make their employees aware, informed, create prevention but also it will create respect. Respect of the people who they work with and who they work. The people you work with are like your second family (if you are to think of the amount of time that you spend with them). Do we not respect our families, understand and empathize with their need and there problems. We do not stereotype our families because we know them. If we are to put this basic rule into place know people before you judge them. There is a saying never judge a book by its cover, keep that in mind the next time you meet someone new! BIBLOGRAPHY: Interference and Facilitation Effects during Selective Attention: An H215O PET Study of Stroop Task Performance Load Theory of Selective Attention and Cognitive Control, Nilli Lavie and Aleksandra Hirst, University College LondonJan W. de Fockert, University of London Essi Viding,Kings College London http://www.tcd.ie/Psychology/other/Ruth_Byrne/mental_models/(accessed on the 01/02/10) http://www.aboutequalopportunities.co.uk/ageism.html(accessed on the 01/02/10) The New York Times, November 16, 2009, 5:25 pm November 16, 2009, 5:25 pm http://www.balancedscorecard.org/bscresources/aboutthebalancedscorecard/tabd/55/default.aspx (accessed on the 01/02/10) Jon Driver (2001) A selective review of selective attention research from the past century British journal of Psychology, vol. 92, pp.53-78 Mckenna Eugene (2000), Business Psychology and Organisational Behaviour- A students Handbook, 3rd Ed. By psychology Press lt

The Yucca Mountain Project :: Nuclear Waste Disposal Nevada Essays

The Yucca Mountain Project Kai Erikson argues that radiation and other forms of radioactive waste are a new species of trouble (Erikson, 1994). Nuclear waste disposal is a pressing issue of extreme importance. Nuclear waste is material that either contains a radioactive substance or has been contaminated by radioactive elements and is no longer useful. With all of the dangers surrounding nuclear waste and a half-life of one hundred thousand years this issue must be solved with complete certainty. Any mistakes or miscalculations can destroy the environment. Congress established a national policy in 1982. To solve the problem of nuclear waste disposal, this federal law is called the Nuclear Waste Policy Act. The United States Department of Energy is responsible for finding a site, building a facility, and operating the repository. They studied nine locations for ten years and then narrowed it down to three. The three sites were Hanford, Washington; Deaf Smith County, Texas; and Yucca Mountain, Nevada. In 1987, Wes Barnes, the director of the Yucca Mountain Project (an offshoot of the Department of Energy) decided the desolate mountain ridge in south-western Nevada is to become the final resting place (Monastersky, 1997). More than one hundred of America's commercial nuclear reactors are planned to deposit the worst of their nuclear waste deep into the mountain. It is to be stored permanently, but the project says it will be guaranteed for ten thousand years. The project proposes that the containers be surrounded by impermeable layers of volcanic rock guaranteeing safety (Wolfe, 1997). The Department of Energy (DOE) reports that there is 20,000 tons of used-up nuclear fuel and that number should double by the year 2000 (kieft, 1997). The fuel rods are now placed in cooling ponds near the plants. Most pools are full, or nearly full. Aware that time is running out, Yucca Mountain was the only site left. The mountain sits inside the Nevada Test Site about 80 miles of Las Vegas. A huge earth boring machine is digging a tunnel 25 feet wide into the mountain. Two miles of tunnel have already been excavated and three more miles remain till completion. The mountain is planned to receive waste by the year 2010 (www.cyberwest.com). The Nevada state government is against putting the depository in the Mountain. Many people disagree with the project a say the the site can safely hold the waste for only 100 years (www.

Design And Construction Of The Luis I Bridge Engineering Essay

Opened in October 1886, the Luis I Bridge is a shaped Fe trussed arch span which spans the Douro River between Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia in Portugal. Designed by the Belgian applied scientist Th ophile Seyrig, in coaction with L opold Valentin ; it was, at the clip of its building, the longest arch span in the World, at 172m [ 1 ] , and remains the longest spanning Fe arch to this twenty-four hours. It represents the swan vocal of wrought Fe Bridgess as at the start of the twentieth century stronger steel of more consistent quality would about wholly replace the usage of wrought Fe in span building. The new span was commissioned in 1881 to replace an ailing suspension span at the same location ; Seyrig designed a double-deck arch span with one deck at the top of the arch resting on wharfs and the 2nd deck at the degree of the abutments, hanging from sinews ( Fig. 1 ) . The two decks have seen a assortment of lading over their life ; originally both decks were designed to transport route traffic, the lower deck briefly carried trolley coachs but is now a individual carriageway route, the upper deck was converted in 1905 to transport ropewaies and widened in 1931 to add a 2nd path. 2 Aestheticss The aesthetic analysis of a span is mostly subjective, Fritz Leonhardt attempted to rationalize the aesthetic design of Bridgess in 1982 with the publication of his book, Br cken, which sets out ten cardinal points that should be considered during design. 2.1 Fulfilment of Function This relates to how good the span divulges the manner it works ; in the Luis I bridge the arch is the chief structural component through which forces are carried. This is evident from looking at the span as the arch is the most significant member. Truss structures in general are peculiarly indicative about the manner they carry tonss, and the Luis I bridge is no exclusion. The structural honestness of the span is called into inquiry where the arch meets the masonry abutments ; it appears as though the top member of the arch passes directly into the abutments but the abutments are non able to defy the high minute this would bring forth, so the top member of the arch must be lightly stressed at its utmost terminals. On closer review it can be seen that the concluding diagonal members on both sides of the arch are of more significant cross-section ( Fig. 2 ) in order that they are able to transport all of the force in the top rim of the arch down to the pinned connexion at the terminal of the bottom rim. Figure 2: Forces transferred to bottom rim Sometimes, one facet of a span s aesthetics must be sacrificed in favor of another ; in the Luis I bridge the truss which forms the upper deck is of uninterrupted deepness along its length, but the attack spans are notably longer than the subdivisions which make up the chief span. Functionally, the applied scientist could hold designed the attack spans to be deeper than the chief span but this break to the horizontal line of the deck would hold been to the hurt of the aesthetics of the construction as a whole. 2.2 Proportion As discussed above, the upper deck is deeper than it needs to be ; proportionately this contrasts aggressively with the lower deck which is significantly more slight despite crossing an equal distance. This difference is non adequately explained by the grounds already discussed. The upper deck may good hold been designed to get by with a higher burden than the lower deck ; surveies have shown that, prior to the transition of the upper deck to light rail, the upper deck carried about double the traffic of the lower deck [ 2 ] . Furthermore, at the clip that Seyrig was planing the Luis I bridge he had merely finished the building of the Maria Pia Bridge ( 1877 ) , designed in concurrence with Gustave Eiffel, which was to transport a train line over the same river. It is possible that the upper deck of the Luis I bridge was designed to transport develop tonss should it be converted to that intent in the hereafter, as so it was. The structural systems for the upper and lower decks differ greatly which may lend to the disparity in their deepness ; the lower deck is a lattice through truss with traffic running within the truss itself whilst the upper deck is a brown deck truss where the deck is placed on top of the truss girder. The province of emphasis within the two decks besides differs as the bottom deck is used to bind the arch and therefore is capable to a high initial tensile burden ; the advantage of shaped Fe as a building stuff was its affinity for tensile tonss and it may be that this excessively contributes to the reduced deck deepness. The rise to cross ratio of the arch is 1:4 ; this is chiefly dictated by the dimensions of the gorge in which the span sits, but the consequence is an arch of typical masonry proportions [ 3 ] which offers the feeling of stableness. 2.3 Order within the Structure A sense of order is given to the span by the repeat of the truss elements throughout the lift. Although the lower deck uses a somewhat different type of truss, the crossed elements are still present to keep the order within the span. When viewed closer up, the members are seen to be composed themselves of multiple elements, and from oblique angles the criss-crossing of these members can look disordered ( Fig. 3 ) . The wharfs and tenseness roads which support the two decks line up to cut down the figure of perpendicular lines and divide the span into equal parts. They are sufficiently near together so as non to do the arch appear otiose, but no so near as to herd the span with perpendicular lines. 2.4 Polishs of Design Polishs refer to the subtle inside informations within the span which can hold a momentous consequence on the overall entreaty of the construction. In the Luis I bridge the wharfs taper towards the top ( Fig. 4 ) which adds position by doing the towers appear less compact and prevents the optical fast one of the wharfs looking to be wider at the top than they are at the underside. In the attack spans where the perpendicular infinite beneath the upper deck is greatest, the deck spans a greater distance in order to keep the aspect ratio of the infinites under the deck. The aspect ratio of the crossed brace in the arch is besides maintained ; where the divergent parabolic curves, which make up the top and bottom rims of the arch, dispersed apart the distance between verticals is increased to maintain the crosses make fulling a approximately square form. Equally good as being aesthetically delighting, this serves the structural intent of maintaining the members inclined at an angle where they can execute at maximal efficiency. As antecedently mentioned, the single members which make up the trusses are themselves tied box subdivisions ( see Fig. 2 ) , this gives the construction elation, both in footings of its overall weight and besides aesthetically by cut downing the ratio of solid to nothingnesss and doing the members seem more slender. However, this elation comes at the disbursal of order. Figure 3: Disorder Figure 4: Tapering wharfs 2.5 Integration into the Environment Pivotal to the aesthetic success of a span is how good is tantrums into its environment ; the arch signifier used for the Luis I bridge is peculiarly good suited to utilize in the deep gorge, and fills the infinite good. Despite the size of the construction, it looks comfy in its environment. The girder which forms the upper deck has no obvious terminal but alternatively gives the feeling of unifying into the hillside ; this makes the span seem like an built-in portion of the gorge. 2.6 Colour of Components Though originally unpainted ( Fig. 5 ) the span now has as gray-blue coating which allows the span to intermix good into the sky, this has the consequence of doing the muss of the truss less obvious and contributes to the members looking more slender. The broadening of the upper deck in 1931has led to the creative activity of a dark line of shadow which serves to pull the oculus off from the deep truss underneath. Figure 5: Original design without pigment 2.7 Aesthetic Decisions The Luis I bridge is a construction of great beauty and much consideration has obviously been given to aesthetics in its design. Despite this, as no point has structural efficiency been forfeited for strictly aesthetic grounds. The structural public presentation of the span will organize the following subdivision of this paper. 3 Structural Behaviour In 1881 the Lusitanian authorities invited the stamp for a new span over the Douro River ; the chief challenge of the strategy was that there could be no intermediate wharfs placed in the river. This was due to high H2O deepnesss of more than 12m, insecure land conditions and a high tidal scope in the river [ 4 ] which would hold made building exceptionally hard. A figure of strategies were proposed and the winning strategy, designed by Th ophile Seyrig, consisted of a tied parabolic arch of shaped Fe building, 172m in span, back uping two truss girder decks ( Fig. 6 ) . Seyrig was familiar with the usage of wrought Fe holding worked closely with Gustave Eiffel in the design of other shaped Fe Bridgess such as the Maria Pia span ( 1877 ) . In this new venture he sought to bring forth a design which would take full advantage of the mechanical belongingss provided by shaped Fe. Figure 6: Elevation The arch is connected to the upper and lower decks, by wharfs and sinews severally, in merely four topographic points ; as a consequence of this the arch is capable to flexing minutes even when the decks are uniformly loaded. Wrought Fe is a stuff which performs good in tenseness and it is apparent the interior decorator expected the stuff in the lower rim of the arch to be in tenseness at all times. A polish of the Maria Pia design was the usage of the lower deck to bind the arch and so cut down horizontal burden of the hapless quality land at the abutments. A farther going from case in point was the usage of divergent parabolic curves to make an arch more slender at the vertex, where it is 7m in deepness, than at the supports ( 17m ) . The alteration was made because of jobs encountered during the building of the Maria Pia span, which has a semilunar arch ; whilst the first subdivisions of the arch were being built out from the abutments it had proved troublesome to supply equal support for them utilizing overseas telegrams and presenting had had to be employed [ 4 ] . In the Luis I bridge the arch is much deeper at the supports hence leting the first subdivisions to be erected more firmly and at less cost, it was a technique which would be used about 40 old ages subsequently during the building of the Sydney Harbour Bridge ( 1923 ) . The long deep gorge through which the Douro flows is characterised by high air currents ; the unfastened truss system used for the Luis I bridge reduces the lading consequence of the air current by restricting the country on which the air current can move. Eiffel frequently used cannular subdivisions where possible in his Bridgess to increase the aerodynamic public presentation of his designs [ 5 ] , but Seyrig chose non to make so in the design of the Luis I bridge, presumptively to do the connexions more straightforward. The connexions are riveted together, in pattern this mean that the articulations have some minute capacity but as the elements will still move preponderantly axially, the connexions in the truss can be modelled as pins without presenting excessively much mistake into the analysis. At the clip of the span s building, there was much argument over the comparative virtues of pinned or riveted connexions in span building [ 6 ] ; whilst the riveted truss was of superior efficiency, pinned trusses could be assembled faster and cheaper utilizing simple tools and techniques. The connexion to the abutments is by manner of a rotational articulation at the utmost terminals of the lower rim of the arch ( Fig. 7 ) . This means that the arch can be considered a two-pin arch and will be analysed consequently. Figure 7: Foundation connexion In 2004 a survey was undertaken to measure the current province of the span [ 1 ] and some samples were removed and tested. It is usual to use measured stuff belongingss, where available, in span appraisal instead than conservative characteristic values ; tensile trials on removed subdivisions of shaped Fe from the span yielded a tensile strength of 397Mpa. Testing to happen compressive strength was non performed so a value of 270MPa will be assumed. 4 Construction Seyrig was a innovator in the hard-on of Fe Bridgess, to the point that he wrote a paper on the topic which was presented at the Institution of Civil Engineers ( ICE ) in 1881 [ 6 ] . In it, Seyrig inside informations his strong belief that the building methods employed in the hard-on of Fe Bridgess has the largest impact on their overall economic system, safety and lastingness. For the Luis I bridge, as with the Maria Pia span, Seyrig chose to use a method of building which least required the usage of immaterial contraptions, viz. hard-on by overhang. In this technique the lasting construction of the span itself is used to back up the building of more distant subdivisions. The paradigm for this method of span building was the Requejo Bridge designed by Jos Ribera ( Fig. 8 ) . Figure 8: Requejo Bridge, Spain In the Luis I bridge the attack spans were foremost constructed on both sides of the river until the upper deck girder protruded about 30m beyond the chief wharfs which mark the start of the arch. The girders were pushed out on a set of four rollers which sat on top of each wharf ( Fig. 9 ) . Figure 9: Peal setup The arch was so built out as a series of premade subdivisions which were tied back with steel-wire ropes to a point on the upper deck girder. The whole arch was constructed utilizing merely two ropes on each side of the arch, so it was necessary to be able to rapidly travel a overseas telegram once it has been superseded by a overseas telegram farther along the arch ; for this intent the overseas telegrams were connected merely to the top rim of the arch utilizing a rounded shoe ( Fig. 10 ) under which the uninterrupted rope was fed. Whilst most of the subdivisions were erected with all of their constituents in topographic point, the last few panels were put up with the top rim and some of the diagonal brace removed in order that they should be every bit light as possible. Once the two halves of the arch had met and the cardinal linking piece inserted, the losing constituents were so added to the lightened subdivisions. Figure 10: Cable to curve connexion The work was performed to such truth that in program the two halves of the arch met precisely, but in lift both sides were about 350mm excessively high. This was done intentionally as it was decided that there was possible for the two halves to be excessively low in which instance it would hold been really hard to raise them. Provision was made for take downing the arches to their right place by the remotion of a certain figure of dramatis personae Fe cuneuss which had been placed beneath the overseas telegram connexions. Once the two halves of the arch had been connected it was of import to slow off the steel overseas telegrams instantly as a bead in temperature could hold caused the overseas telegrams to shorten and bring on emphasiss into the arch. With the arch in topographic point the midget wharfs could so be erected and the upper deck girder placed on top. Precisely the same procedure was used for the building of the Maria Pia span and is shown schematically in Fig. 11. The lower deck would hold been added last, merely by crossing between the wrought Fe sinews, impermanent intermediate overseas telegrams may hold been added to cut down the hogging minutes caused by cantilevering out. Figure 11: Erection by overhanging 5 Loading The Luis I span was built before design standardization had to the full emerged ; accordingly it was likely designed to whatever lading the applied scientist deemed to be sensible. It was besides built at a clip when the Equus caballus drawn passenger car was the prevailing agencies of conveyance ; Karl Benz built the first true car in 1885. For the intents of this study the span will be analysed under its current loading conditions in conformity with BS-5400 [ 7 ] . Partial burden factors, as detailed in Table 1, will be applied to nominal tonss so combined to give the worst possible burden conditions. Table 1: Partial burden factors [ 8 ] Load Type Partial Load Factor ( ? Florida ) Stressing Relieving Dead 1.05 1.0 Super-imposed Dead 1.75 0 Live Traffic 1.5 0 Wind 1.1 0 5.1 Dead Tonss The structural elements of the span are of shaped Fe building with a denseness of? = 7700kg/m2. The entire weight of the span is equal to 29841kN [ 9 ] which is about distributed as shown in Table 2. Table 2: Unfactored dead tonss Arch 76kN/m Upper Deck 31kN/m Lower Deck 23kN/m 5.2 Super-Imposed Dead Loads ( SID ) Super-imposed dead tonss are the non-structural inactive tonss on the span such as route coatings, illuming and street furniture. They have a high burden factor ( 1.75 ) to reflect the strong likeliness of them altering over the life-time of the span ; they may besides be removed wholly should the span be capable to major plants, though were this the instance, traffic tonss would about surely be reduced. Suggested tonss given in Table 3 correspond to a 200mm bed of asphalt route surface. Table 3: Unfactored SID Upper Deck 38kN/m Lower Deck 28kN/m The values are different because the two decks are of different breadth ; the upper deck is 8m broad and the lower deck is 6m. 5.3 Live Traffic Loads The lower deck carries route traffic ; at 6m broad it can be considered to hold two fanciful lanes. Eq. ( 1 ) gives the unrecorded traffic lading per metre per lane ( HA ) : w=151 ( 1/L ) ^0.475 ( 1 ) L is the laden length which in this instance is 172m so the end point unfactored burden over two lanes is 26.2kN/m. A knife border burden ( KEL ) of 120kN should besides be added, placed to bring forth maximal extra emphasis. In this case HB burden has non been considered as the entree routes to the lower deck would be unpassable by really big vehicles and the newer, high-ranking span near by, which is crossed by a double carriageway, would be the more suited path. The upper deck carries light rail traffic, each train has an unfactored weight of 2000kN [ 2 ] and a length of 70m. The trains move really easy on the span such that dynamic effects can be discounted. 5.6 Worst Case Loads For the arch, worst instance flexing minutes occur when the arch is non-uniformly loaded ; this corresponds to to the full factored dead, SID, and unrecorded tonss on one half and unfactored dead loads merely on the other side ( Fig. 12 ) . For the upper deck, two trains go throughing at one-fourth span have been considered. Worst instance shear tonss would be caused by to the full factored dead, SID and unrecorded tonss at all points on the span. Figure 12: Worst instance lading agreement 6 Analysis In this subdivision, the worst instance burdens calculated antecedently will be applied to the construction to determine whether the end point emphasiss are within the tolerances of the stuffs. 6.1 Arch The chief structural constituent of the span is the tied arch. For the intents of this study it will be modelled as a two pin arch, with the lading agreement in Fig. 12 simplified to four point tonss ( Fig. 13 ) . Figure 13: Simplified arch tonss By taking minutes about the point A, the perpendicular reactions are found to be: VA = 21691.2kN and VB = 14644.8kN. 6.1.1 Flexibility Analysis To happen the horizontal push produced by the arch a flexibleness analysis was performed by let go ofing the horizontal reaction at B and using the unit burden method to happen the attendant supplanting at B ( ? B, H ) and the flexibleness coefficient ( a11 ) . Eq. ( 2 ) can so be used to happen the value of horizontal push: _ ( B, H ) +a_11 H=0 ( 2 ) B, H and a11 are found by incorporating the minute in the arch with regard to the discharge length which is rather complex, but the job can be simplified by presuming that the I value of the arch changes around its profile such that I = I0sec ( ? ) , where I0 is the 2nd minute of country at the vertex of the arch [ 10 ] . Ultimately it can be shown that the value of horizontal push is given by Eq. ( 3 ) , where a is the horizontal distance from A to the point at which the force is moving, H is the tallness of the arch, L is the span and W is the magnitude of the force. Multiple forces can be superposed together to acquire a concluding value of push of 21946.9kN. H_1= ( 5W_1 a ) / ( 8hL^3 ) ( L^3+a^3-2La^2 ) ( 3 ) 6.1.2 Line of Thrust The deliberate information for tonss and reactions were used to plot a thrust line for the arch under worst instance lading conditions ( Fig. 14 ) . Figure 14: Thrust line From this secret plan, the minute at any point in the arch can be calculated as the eccentricity of the thrust line multiplied by the horizontal force. The minutes in the arch are shown in Fig. 16 ; maximal drooping minute is 148.8MNm and occurs at 36m from A, maximal hogging minute is 125.9MNm and occurs at 131m from A. For the intents of this study, it will be assumed that flexing forces in the arch are resisted by the top and bottom rims, whilst the diagonal brace resists shear forces ; any axial forces are shared amongst all the members. The force in the rim required to defy the maximal minute detailed in Fig. 15 is equal to the minute divided by the deepness of the truss which yields a force of 14.2MN. Figure 15: Moment in arch This burden consequences in emphasiss of 133.2Mpa in each of the four arch girders ; tenseness in the lower girders and compaction in the upper girders, which is good under the stuff capacity. Axial compaction due to the arch form must besides be considered ; by declaration of the reactant forces in the supports, it can be shown that an axial compaction of 30MN is carried in the arch. Split amongst the entire country of wrought Fe available in the subdivision, this consequences in an extra compressive emphasis of 74.7Mpa. In the tenseness rim this acts as a relieving emphasis which reduces the overall emphasis to 58.5Mpa ( tenseness ) . In the compaction flange the emphasiss sum up to give a entire emphasis of 207.9Mpa, which is nearing but still below the stuff compressive strength of 270Mpa. Metallic members are frequently susceptible to clasping under high compressive tonss. Eq. ( 4 ) was used to happen the burden required for the arch members to clasp. F_e= ( p^2 EI ) / ? L_eff? ^2 ( 4 ) The effectual length was taken to be the span between diagonal brace elements as it was assumed that the cross brace would supply sufficient parturiency to forestall buckling over a longer length. The burden at which clasping would happen was found to be 136MN which corresponds to a emphasis good above the compressive strength of the stuff, so failure would ne'er happen through buckling. f3 values were non considered in the burden computations for the arch as the analysis methods used will ensue in rather high mistake, the excess capacity within the stuff, as shown above, histories for the deficiency of truth in the analysis techniques. 6.1.3 Shear in Arch Equally good as flexing minutes, the tonss on the arch besides induce shear forces which are carried in the diagonal brace members. Worst instance shear theoretically occurs under maximal burden possible which would be 13488kN applied at the four point burden locations on the arch. Moments under this burden scenario were calculated utilizing the thrust line method and so shear forces were found by distinction of the minutes. The consequence, shown in Fig. 16, predicts a maximal shear force of 7242.8kN located at 35m from point A. The shear force is resisted by the diagonal brace elements which act together, one in tenseness and one in compaction. The force in each brace member must be 5121.4kN which corresponds to tensile or compressive emphasiss of 194.7MPa. Figure 16: Maximal shear in arch 6.2 Temperature Effectss Particularly in excess constructions like two pin arches, little strains caused by temperature alterations can bring on important emphasiss into the construction as the constructions tend to be less flexible. As the Luis I bridge is a tied construction there should non be a high temperature difference between its elements, but overall temperature alterations should be considered. In the arch, a rise in temperature would ensue in the arch seeking to spread out ; confined by the wharfs, this would do minute in the arch which would be carried as tenseness in the top rim and compaction in the bottom rim. This would move as a alleviating action from the dead and unrecorded burden so should non do a job. A bead in temperature, on the other manus, would ensue in extra compressive emphasiss in the top rim which is already extremely compressed. The upper deck is exposed to the most direct sunshine, and the solid route surface puts the underside into shadiness so there may be a high temperature gradient which would ensue in emphasiss. The fluctuation in temperature throughout the subdivision in the forenoon period is shown in Fig. 17 where 0 C corresponds to ambient temperature. Figure 17: Temperature difference in upper deck The thermic enlargement coefficient ( a ) for wrought Fe is 12 strain/ C, utilizing e=a? T the strain due to the temperature gradient is shown in Fig. 18. Generation of these values by the Young s modulus of 185GPa gives the emphasiss besides detailed in Fig. 19. Figure 18: Strains ( left ) and emphasiss ( right ) The rollers on top of the chief wharfs, as discussed in subdivision 4, now act as roller bearings which allow the deck girder to lengthen and so relive some of these emphasiss. The emphasiss cut down by the mean emphasis value which in this instance is 6.6MPa ; this now produces the emphasis profile shown in Fig. 19. Figure 19: Extra temperature emphasiss The emphasiss in Fig. 19 correspond to a changeless minute over the length of the upper deck. As the deck is uninterrupted over the wharfs there is no demand to see an extra minute to guarantee the minute at the supports remains equal to zero. 6.3 Wind Effectss Porto lies on the Atlantic seashore of Portugal and so it can be assumed that it is capable to rather high air currents, the span itself besides sits in a gorge which will hold a funnelling consequence on the air current. The arch itself is trussed so as to catch small air current, but the decks, when high sided vehicles base on balls over them, will hold a big jutting country and so may be capable to high air current burden. This is peculiarly true of the lower deck because it is a through truss so the unfastened construction offers no advantage. Suspended as it is by tenseness rods, the lower deck may be extremely susceptible to weave induced effects. Assuming a average hourly air current velocity of 34m/s, akin to the velocities found on the Atlantic seashore of the UK, the maximal air current blast ( vC ) on the span can be found from Eq. ( 5 ) to be 52m/s, where K1 and S2 are factors harmonizing to BS-5400 and S1 is a funnelling factor taken to be 1.1. v_C=vK_1 S_1 S_2 ( 5 ) Horizontal air current burden can now be found utilizing Eq. ( 6 ) , A1 is taken as the jutting country presuming high-sided trucks are traversing the span. When the deck is to the full loaded the truss is obscured so the retarding force coefficient can merely be calculated utilizing the b/d ratio. The consequence is a sidelong force of 1.6MN which must be resisted by the deck. P_t=0.613? v_C? ^2 A_1 C_D ( 6 ) Without cognizing the under-structure of the lower deck it is hard to measure how this burden is carried, but it is assumed that a cross braced truss tallies underneath the deck and prevents the deck from flexing laterally. The air current can besides ensue in dynamic effects such as galloping and waver ; these effects tend to most affect suspension Bridgess because of their built-in flexibleness. The lower deck of the Luis I bridge, which is suspended by sinews, would be the most likely to endure from these effects but some facets of its design provide stiffness against them. The sinews are able to transport compaction every bit good as tenseness, and are cross braced to supply torsional stiffness ; coupled with the truss moving longitudinally this gives the span stiffness in all of the planes in which the effects of aerodynamic instability might move. There are besides huge sums of riveted connexions within the span to supply muffling against quivers. 7 Fatigue The Luis I bridge is over 100 old ages old and has hence been capable to a high sum of lading rhythms, it seems prudent hence to give some consideration to its fatigue public presentation. The span is located near to the sea and so is considered to be in a marine environment ; wrought Fe is regarded as holding a lower opposition to corrosion than other common building stuffs of the clip like dramatis personae Fe [ 11 ] , corrosion is worst around possible wet traps like connexions where hapless care can take to interfacial corrosion ( Fig. 20 ) . The riveted connexions are besides prone to tire failure because clefts can organize during fiction and the pluging action can ensue in local work indurating around the studs. Figure 20: Interfacial corrosion In a survey performed by Fernandes et Al, samples of stuff, including a riveted connexion, were removed from the span and analysed to happen their mechanical belongingss [ 2 ] , besides performed were ace growing surveies, notch stamina proving and an analysis of metallurgical content. This information was used to happen the figure of lading rhythms the assorted constituents of the span would be able to defy. By presuming that merely trucks cause fatigue burden and that one truck represents one rhythm of lading it was calculated that the span had exhausted merely 10 % of its fatigue life and that staying fatigue life was greater than 100 old ages. The survey besides considered the usage of the upper deck for light rail and concluded that one train was the equivalent of four burden rhythms and that residuary life was less than 10 old ages. Consequently the span was retrofitted and reinforced before the new tube line was allowed to go through over it.

Hypothalamus and Glucose R. Hormone Essays

Hypothalamus and Glucose R. Hormone Essays Hypothalamus and Glucose R. Hormone Essays Endocrine System Exam Name: Matching (Select from choices on the next page) 1. _____Adrenal cortex 2. _____Adrenal medulla 3. _____Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 4. _____Aldosterone 5. _____Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 6. _____Calcitonin 7. _____Cortisol 8. _____Epinephrine 9. _____Estrogen 10. _____Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 11. _____Glucagon 12. _____Growth hormone (GH) 13. _____Insulin 14. _____Luteinizing hormone (LH) 15.  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­_____Ovaries 16. _____Pancreas 17. _____Parathyroid 18. _____Parathyroid hormone (PTH) 19. _____Pituitary 20. _____Progesterone 21. _____Prolactin 22. _____Testes 23. _____Testosterone 24. _____Thymosin 25. _____Thyroid 26. _____Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 27. _____Thyroxin (T4) 28. _____Triiodothyronine (T3) Matching section: Choices can be used more than once A. Decreases blood calcium B. Endocrine gland important in blood glucose control C. Four small glands which help regulate calcium in the blood D. Gland found in neck responsible for metabolism, resembles a butterfly E. Gland found in the inferior, anterior region of the brain, also referred to as the â€Å"master gland† F. Hormone which increases blood calcium G. Hormone which increases blood glucose level in times of prolonged stress H. Hormone which increases heart rate, blood pressure, glucose, and respiratory rate I. Hormone which increases protein synthesis in somatic (body) cells J. Hormone which increases cellular mitosis, bone size, glucose, organ size K. Hormone secreted by the pituitary which increases water reabsorption in the kidneys to prevent dehydration L. Hormone which produces female secondary sex characteristics M. Hormone which produces male secondary sex characteristics N. Hormone which regulates salt (sodium) and water balance in the kidneys O. Hormone which regulates the immune system P. Hormone which stimulates adrenal cortex to make cortisol Q. Hormone which stimulates glucose uptake in somatic cells, thereby lowering blood glucose R. Hormone which stimulates liver to hydrolyze glycogen, thereby increasing blood glucose S. Hormone which stimulates ovaries to make estrogen and testes to make sperm T. Hormone which stimulates ovaries to make progesterone and testes to make testosterone U. Hormone which stimulates the breasts to lactate V. Hormone which stimulates thyroid to make T3 and T4 W. Hormone which stimulates uterus lining growth X. Glands which make cortisol and aldosterone Y. Glands which make epinephrine and norepinephrine Z. Glands responsible for female secondary sex characteristics AA. Glands responsible for male secondary sex characteristics Fill in the blanks. You are taking a test, a really big test, and you have been stressed about the test since the weekend. This prolonged stress causes the 29 gland to release 30 which goes to the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands release 31, which increases blood glucose under stressful but not life threatening situations. This increase in blood glucose causes the 32 to make 33 which allows the cells to use the glucose and decreases blood glucose. Some people have a disorder called 34 which prevents the 32 from making 33. If too much 33 is released, blood glucose will decrease until the 32 releases 35 which will increase blood glucose by having the 36 create glucose from glycogen. 29. ____________________ 30. ____________________ 31. ____________________ 32. ____________________ 33. ____________________ 34. ____________________ 35. ____________________ 36. ____________________ Multiple choice. Place the letter of the correct response in the blank

How to Use the French Expression Tant Pis

How to Use the French Expression Tant Pis Tant pis  (pronounced ta(n) pee),  is an everyday French idiomatic expression that literally means so much worse. The phrase is often used as an exclamation that ranges from the mild oh well to the rude tough, depending on how you articulate it in conversation. Its a  useful phrase to know, but be sure youre comfortable using it in different circumstance or you could end up in an embarrassing situation. Expressions of Mood This expression, one of the most common in the French language, can be either fatalistic, expressing a disappointed resignation, or accusatory, indicating that whatever happened is ones own fault. In the most extreme cases, tant pis would be the equivalent of something along the lines of an angry too damn bad or tough. In most cases, though, its said with a lilt, a shrug, and even a smile suggesting oh well or never mind [its not a big deal]. A synonym in French could be Dommage,  Cest dommage,  or Quel dommage  (What a shame.). When something disappointing or sad has happened, a more likely synonym would be, Cest dur.  (Thats hard.) An appropriate  antonym of tant pis  would be good or all the better. Expressions and Usage Jai oublià © dapporter le cadeau, mais tant pis.   I forgot to bring the gift, but oh well / never mind. Cest tant pis pour lui.   Thats just too damn bad for him. Je dirais  tant pis, mais cest dommage. Id say too bad, but its just so sad. Il rà ©pond que cest  tant pis. He says thats  too bad. Si vous à ªtes jaloux,  tant pis. If you guys are jealous,  thats fine. Si tu veux pas comprendre,  tant pis. If you didnt understand it, too bad for you. Bon.  Tant pis, on y va.   All right,  so much for that. Were off. Le gouvernement veut contrà ´ler chaque sou,  tant pis  si les Canadiens souffrent. The government wants to control every penny;  never mind  if Canadians suffer as a result. Si cest impossible,  tant pis. If thats impossible, no worries [theres nothing we can do about it]. Je reste. Tant pis sil nest pas content.   Im staying.  Too bad if he doesnt like it. Tant pis pour lui. Too bad (for him). Additional Resources Tant versus  autantMost common French phrases

Rebecca Walker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Rebecca Walker - Essay Example The anthology may have given ‘Third Wave Foundation’1, the multicultural network of young feminist activists co ­-founded by Rebecca Walker. In this paper, I examine Walker's Black, White and Jewish: Autobiography of a Shifting Self. In this mixed race fictional autobiography, Walker develops her multiracial identity, as she explores and expresses her experience growing up racially mixed in the United States in the 1970s and 1980s. I read Walker and identify a historical experience, thematic thread, and expression to show that it differs from received conceptions and descriptions of race and mixed race that have been understood in society and portrayed in the canons of American and American Ethnic literature in the categorical, dichotomous, and hierarchical terms of the binary racial idiom. The binary racial idiom has worked to suppress and distort mixed race bodies and lived realities in the culture at large insofar as it designates Americans as either white or black, white or other, and maintains, in conjunction with the social and legal rule of hypodescent (also known as the one-drop rule), the hierarchical valuation of whiteness over blackness by defining as black any racially mixed person with a quantum of African ancestry. Hence, following American racial common sense, the sum of black, white, and Jewish has been black. Nonetheless, Walker attempts to expose into view suppressed and silenced multiracial experience, complexity, and possibility. Body There have always been mixed race people in American history who have attempted to resist and circumvent the binary racial system. For a countless number of mixed race people "of a more European American phenotype and cultural orientation" (Daniel 49), the strategy of passing has been the most common form of resistance. In addition, sociologists and historians have identified groups of tri-racial isolates, mixed race people of black, white, and American Indian ancestry, who lived in rural communi ties in the mountains and in the backwoods apart from blacks and whites. There are also the Louisiana Creoles of Color who emerged as a community when Louisiana was a territory of Spain and then of France. In the US state of Louisiana, they resisted social and legal designation as black for more than a century to protect the rights and opportunities that had been granted to them under French rule. Furthermore, there existed blue-vein societies of mixed race people in the major Northern cities such as Washington D.C. and New York. Nevertheless, in nearly all cases, the mixed race people who attempted to resist the binary racial system nevertheless accepted the dichotomization between European Americans and blacks, as well as the hierarchical valuation of whiteness over blackness. For instance, tri-racial isolate communities accepted their status on the outskirts of organized society and tended to identify as Native American (Daniel 71). Blue-vein elites privileged and sought European culture, education, and somatic features, and the primary concern of Louisiana Creoles of Color was the preservation of the rights and privileges that had been allotted them because of their European heritage and education. It is an historical irony that a

Nursing research community assessment paper Essay

Nursing research community assessment paper - Essay Example Community health nursing aims at ensuring that the individual, families and community can assess high standards of holistic health care services. This is viable through promoting health care lifestyles through education, public awareness and community activities (Clark, M.J.2003). This paper is inclined towards exposing a critical review of community nursing with a bias in Clearfield County. The community of study is Clearfield County the fourth largest county in the state of Pennsylvania .Clearfield covers an area of 1,143 square miles situated in the centre of Pennsylvania on the western slopes of Allegheny Mountains. According to 2000 population census it had a population of 83,382. Clearfield has a total population of 83,382 consisting of 41,741 male and 41,462 female. Majority who live in rural areas. The average household income is $30,176 and 12.5 percent of this population lives below the poverty line majority of who are between the ages of 18-64. Population distributed according to racial grounds but mainly speak English language. Largely the population consists of white that covers 97.4 percent, then other race like the Africa America covers 1.5%, American Indian 0.1%, Asian 0.3%, Latino 0.6%, and other races take up to 0.3%. The main economic activities consist of farming, lumbering, mining clay and coal, forestry, wildlife and railroading. There are a variet y of occupations in Clearfield. For instance many are involve in management sector covering 23.1%, sales and office 15.3%, forestry/ fishing0.9%, construction 11.7%, production 24.1% and service industry 15.3% (US. Census Bureau. 2004). Majority of the population live in the rural areas and practice lumbering and farming. In 1920 lumbering reduced and Clearfield residents engaged in mining of coal and clay. Unemployment and birth rate are very high for example, in 2000 alone it 9.9 and 9.6 respectively. Whereas the death rate was 11.3 in every 1000 people (Clark,