Child Labor Laws In The 1800’s Essay

Child Labor, once known as the practice of employing young children in factories, now it’s used as a term for the employment of minors in general, especially in work that would interfere with their education or endanger their health. Throughout history and in all cultures children would work in the fields with their parents, or in the marketplace and young girls in the home until they were old enough to perform simple tasks. The use of child labor was not a problem until the Factory System. The Factory System is a working arrangement where a number of people cooperate to produce articles of consumption. Some form of Factory system has existed even since ancient times. In the later part of the 18th century in Britain, owners of cotton mills gathered up orphans and children of poor families all through the country, and had them work for the payment of housing and food. Some children as young as five or six were forced to work from 13 to 16 hours a day. Social reformers as early as 1802 tried to obtain legislative restrictions against the worst parts of the child-labor system, but little happened and little was done even to enforce existing laws which limited work hours and establishing a minimum age for employment. Children were permitted to work in dangerous jobs such as mining with the approval from political, social, and religious leaders. From this further impoverishment of poor families and a multitude of diseased and crippled children occurred. Agitation for the reform steadily increased. The first significant British Legislation was enacted in 1878, when the minimum age of employees was raised to 10 years and employers were required to restrict employment of children between the ages of 10 and 14 to alternate days or consecutive half days. In addition to making every Saturday a half holiday, this legislation limited the workday of children between 14 and 18 years of age to 12 hours, with a 2 hour intermission for meals and rest. Meanwhile the industrial system developed in other countries such as the  United States, bringing with it the abuses of child labor similar to those in Britain. In the early years of the 19th century, children between the ages of 7 and 12 made up one-third of the workforce in U.S. factories. The Shortage of adult male laborers, who held ideas regarding the evils of idleness among children, and so cooperated with employers, helping them recruit young factory hands from families. The earliest feature of the factory system that concerned many among leaders was the high illiteracy rate among child laborers. The first effective step toward legislation governing the education of these children was taken in 1836 when the Massachusetts Legislature adopted a law prohibiting the employment of any child under 15 years old who had received less than three months of school in the previous year. In 1848 Pennsylvania became the first state to regulate the age of youth employed in silk, cotton, or woolen mills by establishing a minimum age of 12. Several other states joined that, but none of the laws passed made provisions for establishing proof of the child’s age or for enforcement. The length of the workday was the next feature of the factory system to be regulated my legislation. By 1853 several states had adopted a ten-hour workday for children under 12 years of age. Despite the restrictions, the number of children in industry increased greatly in the U.S after the American Civil War, when industrial expansion resulted in demand for workers. By the end of the 19th century nearly one-fifth of all American children between the ages of 10 and 16 were employed greatly. By 1910 as the result of the public-enlightenment activities of various organizations, especially the National Child Labor Committee, the legislatures of several states had enacted restrictive legislation that led to sharp reductions in the number of children employed in industry. The U.S. Congress, in 1916, passed a law that set a national minimum age of 14 in industries producing non-agricultural goods for interstate commerce or export. In 1918, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled, in a 5-4 decision, that the legislation was an unconstitutional infringement on personal freedom. The following year, the Congress tried another strategy to establish protection  for child workers through taxation of employers. But in 1022 the Child Labor Tax Law, as it was known, was ruled unconstitutional for being overly â€Å"prohibitory and regulatory.† In 1924, both houses of Congress passed an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, empowering Congress to limit, regulate, and prohibit the labor of persons less than 18 years of age. Even though the reluctance of state legislators to ratify the child-labor amendment, legislative attempts to deal with the problem nationally continued, notably during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The National Industrial recovery Act, passed by Congress in 1933, established a minimum age of 16 for workers in most industries. In hazardous industries a minimum age level of 18 was established. This law contributed to a great decrease in the number of yond workers, but the Supreme Court ruled the act unconstitutional in 1935. In the next year the Congress passed the Walsh-Healey Act, which prohibits firms producing goods under federal government contract from employing boys and girls less than 16 years of age. The nest important legislation on the problem was the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, better known as the Federal Wage and Hour Law. This act was declared constitutional in 1941 by the Supreme Court, which overruled its former child-labor decision under a more liberal way of the commerce clause of the constitution. The Fair Labor Standards Act, amended in 1949, applies to all workers engaged in interstate or foreign commerce. Under the child-labor provisions of the act, minors 16 years of age and over may be employed in any occupation that has not been judged hazardous by the secretary of labor. The minimum age for work in industries classified as hazardous is 18. No minimum age is set for non-hazardous agricultural employment after school hours and during vacation. Minors 14 and 15 years of age may be employed in a variety of non-manufacturing, non-mining, and non-hazardous of occupations outside school hours and during vacations for limited hours and under other specified conditions of work. Every state today has child-labor laws. In most states employment of minors  under 16 in factories and during school hours is not allowed. Other provisions include 40 hour work week, working at night is prohibited, and work permits for minors under 18. Children working on farms are not completely protected by federal and state laws, which make no provisions for hazardous farm work outside school hours. The children of migratory workers, who move from harvest to harvest across the United States, are usually not subject to state laws because they do not fulfill residency requirements, and they are often unable to attend local schools, which have no provisions for seasonal increases in school enrollment. Other children exempted from federal and state labor laws are children employed as actors and performers in radio, television, and motion pictures, as newspaper deliverers and sales personnel, or as part-time workers at home. In the early 21st century, child labor remains a serious problem in many parts of the world. Studies show carried out in 1979, the International year of the child, show that more than 50 million children below the age of 15 were working in various jobs often under hazardous conditions. Many of those children live in poorer/under-developed countries in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Living Conditions are crude and their chances for education are very small. The little income they get is necessary for their family’s survival. These families lack the basic necessities that we take for granted like adequate food, decent clothing and shelter, and even water for bathing. In some countries industrialization has created working conditions for children that rival the worst features of the 19th century factories and mines. In India, around 20,000 children work 16 hour days in match factories. Child-labor problems don’t just happen in small undeveloped countries they happen all over the place even in America today. The most important effort to eliminate child-labor abuses through out the world come from the International Labor Organization, founded in 1919 and now a special agency of the United Nations. The organization has introduced several child-labor conventions among its members, including a minimum age of 16 years for admission to all work, a higher minimum age for specific types of  employment, medical exams, and regulation of night work. In the late 20th century the ILO added to this list of the worst forms of child labor, including slavery, prostitution, debt bondage(where children had to work to pay off loans made to their parents), and forced military service.

Metropolitan Museam of Art

Rob Murphy Art and Culture Extra Credit My Second Visit to the Met 12/10/11 My second visit to the Metropolitan Museum of Art was equally enjoyable as the first. On my first visit, I hovered around the American wing and Egyptian wing mainly. On the contrary, my second visit consisted of a trip to enjoy the Greek and Roman wing. Wings such as the Egyptian, are big enough to re-visit, as I was able too. The works I was able to enjoy on my second trip were the â€Å"Cleopatra† sculpture, and the world renowned â€Å"Perseus with a Head of Medusa†. The â€Å"Cleopatra† sculpture was quite a sensational one.It was carved by William Wetmore Story out of marble; spanning eleven years , it was completed in 1869. The Boston bred sculptor’s masterpiece is in Gallery of American painting and sculpture of the Met. This beautiful sculpture is of the Egyptian queen , born in 69 BC. Alike many of William Wetmore Story’s sculptures, Cleopatra is sitting down in a c hair. The Queen is wearing a long dress with her left breast exposed. She is accessorized with jewelry and an Egyptian head piece. Her facial expressions and body positioning suggests she is is in a deep state of thought. Whether reflecting on past behavior or contemplating future actions, the figures are thinking about deeds of cataclysmic significance†(Metropolitan Museum of Art). This suggests Cleopatra is said to be thinking of something of great significance. The reason I chose the sculpture of Cleopatra as one of the works from my second visit is because it was understandable, and expresses a clear thought. She is a famous figure, and once I witnessed it , it was enjoyable to see something familiar. His sculpture made of marble is beyond my imagination of how someone could complete this.The neoclassical sculptors, â€Å"Cleopatra†, were one of William Wetmore Story’s most applauded works of art. The second work of art I appreciated on my trip to the Met was â€Å"Perseus with the Head of Medusa†. â€Å"Perseus with the Head of Medusa† is located in the European Sculpture and Decorative Arts hall. Italy native Antonio Canova carved this sculpture spanning from 1804 to 1806. In addition to the past sculpture, this was also carved out of marble. It displays Perseus, who is a mythical hero who was said to have defeated various archaic monsters; Most notably known for the Greek hero who killed Gordon Medusa , as displayed in the sculpture.Medusa was a monster who, when someone would lay eyes upon her would be transform into stone. After being killed by Perseus, Medusa’s head was used as a weapon by this hero ,and later given as a gift to his goddess, Athena, as a shield ornament. This greatly detailed sculpture shows Perseus nude , wielding a shield in one hand and medusas decapitated head in the other. He is shown staring at the severed head of Medusa. Perseus takes pride in slaying this monster , and holds her head h igh and might with pride.The face of Medusa looks unpleasant, and has a defeated expression. The mythical hero has her by the hair, except , her would be hair is represented by snakes. The reason I chose to write about this sculpture is because along with Cleopatra, Medusa was a familiar figure to me . In addition , I am also intrigued by Greek mythology such as Medusa and Perseus. The extreme detail of this exquisite sculpture also caught my attention. Canova’s detail is remarkable. The fact that he can capture facial expressions, thoughts, and predictable actions in this sculpture is phenomenal.The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an extraordinary experience. Being lucky enough to enjoy it twice is rare. While gawking at everything you lay eyes upon, you have a sense of disbelief. To think these unparalleled sculptures were hand carved, in days of minute technology is beyond understanding. These two works of art are truly amazing and the fact that they were kept in such immacu late condition is marvelous. The reasons I chose these two was because, I was familiar with both characters and I was interested to do research on them, and learn more.In conclusion I would recommend to anyone planning on taking a trip to this museum to visit these two miraculous works of art. Bibliography: http://www. metmuseum. org/collections/search-the-collections? gallerynos=548&ft=* http://www. metmuseum. org/Collections/search-the-collections/20013020? rpp=20&pg=1&ft=cleopatra&pos=5 http://www. framemuseums. org/jsp/fiche_oeuvre. jsp? STNAV=&RUBNAV=&CODE=O115046173127831&LANGUE=1&RH=UsaFRAMEMuseums&OBJET_PROVENANCE=COLLECTION

M5d1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

M5d1 - Coursework Example A collective bargaining association may not necessarily comprehend the work culture and underlying issues of a clinic that vary from one healthcare organization to another. In such cases, the intervention of a collective bargaining association may only yield unfavorable outcomes not only for the clinic but also for the nurses employed therein. Collective bargaining promotes nurses’ reputation. In fact, nurses’ rights are subjugated in so many ways in the contemporary clinical practice that sometimes, intervention of a collective bargaining association is inevitable for the justice to be established; â€Å"Much more essential to nurses is assuring they have a safe practice environment free of mandatory overtime and other work issues, and a voice in the resource allocation decisions that affect their ability to achieve quality health outcomes for patients† (Budd, Warino, and Patton, 2004). Nurses need to belong to a collective bargaining association to have their power mustered up and reflected in front of the stakeholders to be able to control these issues. Bargaining: Strategies to Improve the Patient Care Environment. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. 9(1). Retrieved from

Relationship Literacy Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Relationship Literacy Article - Essay Example Fundamentally speaking, most forms of abuse originate for the abuser, as a learned behavior. In fact, most abusers were in fact abused themselves as children in the case of either sexual, physical or emotional abuse. When this type of behavior is exhibited to children and youth as a ‘normal’ means of interacting, the individual then proceeds into their future social interactions with the ideology that abusive behavior is not only acceptable but also normal. By implementing relationship literacy on an early childhood educational level and on through the adolescent years, individuals will be more readily equipped with the social and moral tools to properly interact with others throughout their life. This is a two fold process. By teaching and modeling proper human interaction within the school system, children will certainly have a comprehensive understanding of what is socially expected of them as a member of society. Furthermore, the rule of no tolerance towards school v iolence, verbal threats and abuse and sexual forms of abuse; will further instill within children a sense of accountability and consequence. The question of where to begin the approach to relationship literacy training can be answered by approaching the topic where it is most needed. In fact, the origin of the program began in inner city environments, ten years ago, with an approach to anger management as well as an emphasis on the overall importance of personal relationships and healthy social interaction. In so many cases, violence and abuse prevail simply because so many are not equipped with proper mechanisms of dealing with anger and conflict. By placing emphasis on virtues such as sympathy and apathy, programs offering relationship literacy training can prepare children and youth for future appropriate and healthy relationship interaction. With the growing need to address national

HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING IN MACDONALD COMPANY Essay

HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING IN MACDONALD COMPANY - Essay Example It revealed the way many companies such as MacDonald Company, which are providing large elements of personal services can achieve success through employing HR planning or development models vital for recruiting, training, retaining and learning process. Under varied development models, the researcher examined in details each aspect such as recruitment process and revealed the way a company can achieve success through recruiting people with required skills necessary for performing certain tasks. It also revealed the significant of training employees and retaining them through employing varied strategies vital for enabling them to manage employee relations. The researcher revealed the way learning process can enable workforce to improve their work related skills vital for increasing organizational productivity. It also provided the effective strategies implemented for positive employee relations, performance management and reward in an organisation. Lastly, the human resource performan ce monitoring techniques used with recommendations for the organisation to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of these operations were examined. The conclusion provided a brief summary of what have been discussed in the research project. Human Resource Planning in MacDonald Company Introduction Human resource planning is basically developing effective strategies in order match the size and skills of workforce vital for achieving organizational needs. The human resource planning process helps the organisation to recruit, retain, train and optimize the employment of the personnel required to match the objective of the company; thus meeting changes in the external environment. There is a need to incorporate the development, training and retaining strategies that the company can use in achieving the stated organisation objectives. MacDonald is one of the largest companies with it’s headquarter located in the United States and also largest global chain of fast food restauran ts. The company serves millions of customers every day in more than 119 countries; thus, human resource planning process is significant in the organisation. Therefore, the project evaluates the recruitment, training, retention and learning, as well as, developing strategies employed by human resource managers in MacDonald Company. HR Planning and/or Development Models The human resource planning is a continual process that attempts to guarantee flexible resourcing related to internal and external environments. An effective HR planning or development model is vital because it will help MacDonald to anticipate possible expected difficulties that might arise in the company (Armstrong, 2006, p. 56). The workforce has changed dramatically for the past decades because of rapid technology advancement and other aspects such as job expectations, ethnicity, family structure, racial composition and many other aspects. Moreover, social developments structure has drastically impacted on the natu re and organizational operations in the HR management such as training, recruitment, retaining, development and management programs. Therefore, the ability to achieve sustained competitive advantage, which is based on the ability to recruit, and retain a committed skilled workforce is crucial (Armstrong, 2006, p. 57). For many business entities such as MacDonald Company and many others, which are providing large elements of personal services, employing HR planning or development models is vital for recruiting, training, retaining and learning process. Recruitment Evaluation process for future recruitments needed in MacDonald Comp

Canadian Lumber Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Canadian Lumber Trade - Essay Example Several meetings were held between the Trade officials of both the countries in order to get to a mutual understanding, which would benefit both the parties, but until today both the parties are seeking for solution for this issue. By May 2002, US International Trade Commission took a stand against Canadian Lumber Producers by stating that the imports from Canada threaten material injury to US industry. The Commission was convinced that Canadian softwood lumber imports are unfairly subsidized. During the same year, Bush administration slapped average tariffs of 29 percent on Canadian softwood lumber imports in a bid to protect US lumber jobs from subsidized Canadian imports. According to Mary Crawford1, the tariffs, known as countervailing duties will be 19.34 percent and the additional dumping penalty of 9.6 percent will be applied to Canadian lumber exporters for selling their softwood lumber at prices below fair market value. The imposition of the tariffs over the Canadian softwood lumber definitely was going to protect the US lumber industry in the longer run, but the most effected ones were the US consumers, as they were going to face the hike in prices of lumber, hence overall construction cost would be high. The NAHB2 believed that the tariff would serve as a hidden tax on US homebuyers and renters. According to NAHB, the overall 29 percent tariff was adding $1000 to the cost of building a new home. NAHB pointed out different types of lumber for house framing is not interchangeable, and the types of lumber being imported from Canada are different from US lumber, and are used in different structural uses in home construction, hence the tariff is going to affect the overall quality of a house. According to Barry Rutenberg3, for house framing the Canadian SPF4 is better than US SPF, and satisfies the requirement. He said, "Homebuilding and remodeling account for two-thirds of lumber consumption in the U .S., and lumber is the primary building material used in home building. Because there are not enough trees available in the U.S. to produce the lumber needed for home building, Canadian lumber imports are critical for the construction of affordable new homes and to make improvements on existing homes in America". As the price of Canadian SPF raises the overall house construction prices also rises, which will decrease the number of homebuyers. Recently US Department of Commerce published a second administrative review in the Federal Register, according to which, for softwood lumber shipped from Canada to the U.S., the combined countervailing and anti-dumping duty rate of 10.8 percent is now in effect. The countervailing duties will be collected at a rate of 8.7 percent, and the "all-other" anti-dumping rate is now 2.1 percent. The real question now is whether the Canadian government is going to tackle the trade dispute issue in a way which enable the Canadian lumber industry to regain the power it needs to shape the economy in the interests of Canadian citizens, the majority of which are women and men who work for wages. Analysis shows that there are certain key points which are going against the Canadian lumber industry interests and overall Canadian labour community. Firstly, the U.S. still manages trade in their own interests whenever they want to do so.

The Meth Epidemic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Meth Epidemic - Essay Example There is a general deterioration of mind and body. Injuries and death can result from meth usage, as well as other dangers of explosions when preparing the drug. Apart from these physical changes, meth consumption will result in poor choices, impaired judgment, and psychological problems. The users family, especially children, will suffer psychological and physical trauma. Users violence, inability to protect their family, sexual abuse of women and children as well as abandonment are some of the changes a family can expect, hence the advice for women and children to seek restraining orders and other means of keeping the user away to prevent harm to family members. Women addicts will most likely abandon children, expose them to harm or even harm them if they are mothers; engage in irresponsible sexual behavior and spoil their looks. The Congress refused to contain the problem, as they either did not know about it in its early days, think of it as a big problem in the face of other hard drugs like cocaine and heroin or were influenced by pharmaceutical lobbyists to shoot down preventive measures and laws proposed by the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA). This allowed the meth epidemic to get out of control while it could have been nipped in the bud. Recent actions to contain the epidemic in Oregon have been successful, especially after Meth Caucus made pseudoephedrine a behind the counter drug. Also useful was the limitation of the amount imported to other countries to the needed amount of cold medicines in important countries like Mexico. Lobbyists, acting the behest of pharmaceutical companies to protect their profits, have also helped along the spread of the epidemic. Gene Haislips drive to go after the chemical components for meth productions was watered down by removal of a vital clause that created a loophole exploited by meth cooks and Mexican cartels. Another fatal decision lobbyists were responsible for was the delay in coming